Varian, Inc.

Varian publishes application notes under the "Varian Instruments At Work" banner. The At Works available in PDF format are listed below. Some older At Works are available on paper only. You can get copies of these by contacting your local Varian office or dealer. Varian also publishes Articles that are designed for rapid publication of working methods and are therefore not as comprehensive as At Works.

Aluminium
Biological	Aluminium determinations in parenteral solutions (pdf, 23K)
Blood serum	The Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Blood, and Manganese and Aluminium in Serum (pdf, 114K)
Bronzes	Analyses of Bronzes (pdf, 2796K)
Cement	Chemical Analysis of Portland Cement by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 81K)
Interferent on gold	Trace Analysis of Gold by Atomic Absorption (pdf, 40K)
Natural waters	Aluminium Speciation in Natural Waters (pdf, 79K)
Paper	The Analysis of Paper Samples for Aluminum, Iron, Zinc, and Antimony by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (pdf, 158K)
Plant material	Automated Multielement Analysis of Plant Material by Flame AA Spectroscopy (pdf, 161K)
Rocks and sediments	Analyses of Bronzes (pdf, 2796K)
Water	Graphite Tube Atomizer Performance - ASTM Graphite Furnace Round Robin for Water (pdf, 122K), Measurement of Aluminium in Water, Dialysate and Serum Using the Graphite thermal analyser GTA 95 and Varian AA1475 (pdf, 86K)
Wear metal analysis	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for the Analysis of Wear Metals in Oil Samples (pdf, 185K), Determination of Trace Metals in Engine Oil using the GTA-95 Graphite Tube Atomizer (pdf, 172K)
Antimony
Bronzes	Analyses of Bronzes (pdf, 2796K)
Effluent	The Determination of Toxic Metals in Waters and Wastes by Furnace Atomic Absorption (pdf, 148K)
Environment	Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K) Determination of As, Sb and Se in difficult environmental samples by hydride generation (pdf, 39K)
High-purity copper	The Determination of Trace Metals in High-Purity Copper using the GTA-95 Graphite Tube Atomizer (pdf, 54K)
Paper	The Analysis of Paper Samples for Aluminum, Iron, Zinc, and Antimony by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (pdf, 158K)
Plant material	Analysis of Plant Materials by Vapor Generation AA (pdf, 585K)
Rocks and sediments	Analysis of Rocks and Sediments for Arsenic, Antimony and Selenium by Wet Digestion and Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption (pdf, 62K)
Vapor generation	An Automated Vapor Generation Accessory for Atomic Absorption Analysis (pdf, 121K)
Water	Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K)
Arsenic
Bronzes	Analyses of Bronzes (pdf, 2796K)
Effluent	The Determination of Toxic Metals in Waters and Wastes by Furnace Atomic Absorption (pdf, 148K)
Environment	Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K) Determination of As, Sb and Se in difficult environmental samples by hydride generation (pdf, 39K)
Forked platform	Evaluation of a new forked platform design for graphite furnace AAS (pdf, 171K)
High-purity copper	The Determination of Trace Metals in High-Purity Copper using the GTA-95 Graphite Tube Atomizer (pdf, 54K)
Hydride generation	Arsenic Determination By Hydride Generation (pdf, 151K), An Automated Vapor Generation Accessory for Atomic Absorption Analysis (pdf, 121K), Analysis of Plant Materials by Vapor Generation AA (pdf, 585K), Determination of As, Sb and Se in difficult environmental samples by hydride generation (pdf, 39K)
Nickel alloys	The Determination of As, Bi, Pb, Sb and Te in Nickel Alloys by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 175K)
Plant material	Analysis of Plant Materials by Vapor Generation AA (pdf, 585K)
Rocks and sediments	Analysis of Rocks and Sediments for Arsenic, Antimony and Selenium by Wet Digestion and Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption (pdf, 62K), The Determination of Arsenic in Non-Silicate Geological Ore Samples using a Vapor Generation Accessory (pdf, 50K) Arsenic in Soil and Coal Fly Ash by Zeeman Graphite Furnace and Vapor Generation AAA (pdf, 25K)
Seawater	Direct Determination of As, Cu and Pb in Seawater by Zeeman Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (pdf, 41K)
Soil	Arsenic in Soil and Coal Fly Ash by Zeeman Graphite Furnace and Vapor Generation AAA (pdf, 25K)
Stainless steel	The determination of trace elements in stainless steel by forked platform GFAAS (pdf, 93K)
Water	Graphite Tube Atomizer Performance - ASTM Graphite Furnace Round Robin for Water (pdf, 122K), The Determination of Toxic Metals in Waters and Wastes by Furnace Atomic Absorption (pdf, 148K), Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K)
Barium
Effluent	The Determination of Toxic Metals in Waters and Wastes by Furnace Atomic Absorption (pdf, 148K)
Water	Graphite Tube Atomizer Performance - ASTM Graphite Furnace Round Robin for Water (pdf, 122K), The Determination of Toxic Metals in Waters and Wastes by Furnace Atomic Absorption (pdf, 148K)
Beryllium
Environment	Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K)
Bismuth
High-purity copper	The Determination of Trace Metals in High-Purity Copper using the GTA-95 Graphite Tube Atomizer (pdf, 54K)
Nickel alloys	The Determination of As, Bi, Pb, Sb and Te in Nickel Alloys by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 175K)
Stainless steel	The determination of trace elements in stainless steel by forked platform GFAAS (pdf, 93K)
Sulfuric acid	The determination of Pb, Tl, Bi, Ga and Sn in high purity sulfuric acid using Zeeman graphite furnace AA (pdf, 25K)
Vapor generation	An Automated Vapor Generation Accessory for Atomic Absorption Analysis (pdf, 121K)
Boron
Wear metal analysis	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for the Analysis of Wear Metals in Oil Samples (pdf, 185K)
Water	Determination of boron by Graphite Furnace AAS:Comparison of different modifiers (pdf, 21K)
Cadmium
Biological samples	Relationship between Viral Hepatitis and Four Trace Elements in Sera (pdf, 21K) Sequential determination of Cd, Cu, Pb, Co and Ni in marine invertebrates by Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (pdf, 231K)
Blood	The Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Blood, and Manganese and Aluminium in Serum (pdf, 114K)
Blood serum	The Direct Determination of Cadmium in Blood by Electrothermal Atomization with the Graphite Platform (pdf, 137K), Relationship between Viral Hepatitis and Four Trace Elements in Sera (pdf, 21K)
CaCl₂/NaCl solutions	The determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in a concentrated CaCl2/NaCl solution by AAS (pdf, 27K)
Effluent	The Determination of Toxic Metals in Waters and Wastes by Furnace Atomic Absorption (pdf, 148K)
Environment	Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K)
Food	Low level measurement of cadmium in foods (pdf, 30K)
Forked platform	Evaluation of a new forked platform design for graphite furnace AAS (pdf, 171K)
Rocks and sediments	Trace Metal Analysis of Rocks and Sediments by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 179K)
Seawater	Methods for the Determination of Cadmium in Sea Water with Zeeman Background Correction (pdf, 89K)
Stainless steel	The determination of trace elements in stainless steel by forked platform GFAAS (pdf, 93K)
Water	Determination of Chromium, Lead and Cadmium in Drinking Water by Solvent Extraction and Flame Microsampling (pdf, 93K), Graphite Tube Atomizer Performance - ASTM Graphite Furnace Round Robin for Water (pdf, 122K), The Determination of Toxic Metals in Waters and Wastes by Furnace Atomic Absorption (pdf, 148K), Measurement of Chromium in Environmental Waters by Zeeman Corrected Graphite Tube Atomization (pdf, 120K), Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K)
Wear metal analysis	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for the Analysis of Wear Metals in Oil Samples (pdf, 185K)
Calcium
Blood serum	Determination of Calcium and Magnesium in Blood Serum by Automated Flame Microsampling (pdf, 134K), Determination of Cu, Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na and K in serum by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (pdf, 16K)
Brine	Determination of magnesium, calcium and potassium in brines by flame AA using the SIPS-10 accessory for automated calibration and on-line sample dilution (pdf, 36K)
Cement	Chemical Analysis of Portland Cement by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 81K)
Interferent on gold	Trace Analysis of Gold by Atomic Absorption (pdf, 40K)
Plant material	Automated Multielement Analysis of Plant Material by Flame AA Spectroscopy (pdf, 161K)
Rocks and sediments	Major Element Analysis of Rocks and Sediments by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 72K)
Water	The determination of sodium, calcium and silicon in pure water by graphite furnace AA (pdf, 27K)
Chromium
CaCl₂/NaCl solutions	The determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in a concentrated CaCl2/NaCl solution by AAS (pdf, 27K)
Effluent	The Determination of Toxic Metals in Waters and Wastes by Furnace Atomic Absorption (pdf, 148K)
Environment	Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K)
Rocks and sediments	Trace Metal Analysis of Rocks and Sediments by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 179K)
Water	Determination of Chromium, Lead and Cadmium in Drinking Water by Solvent Extraction and Flame Microsampling (pdf, 93K), Graphite Tube Atomizer Performance - ASTM Graphite Furnace Round Robin for Water (pdf, 122K), The Determination of Toxic Metals in Waters and Wastes by Furnace Atomic Absorption (pdf, 148K), Measurement of Chromium in Environmental Waters by Zeeman Corrected Graphite Tube Atomization (pdf, 120K), Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K)
Wear metal analysis	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for the Analysis of Wear Metals in Oil Samples (pdf, 185K), Determination of Trace Metals in Engine Oil using the GTA-95 Graphite Tube Atomizer (pdf, 172K)
Cobalt
Biological samples	Sequential determination of Cd, Cu, Pb, Co and Ni in marine invertebrates by Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (pdf, 231K)
Rocks and sediments	Trace Metal Analysis of Rocks and Sediments by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 179K)
Water	Graphite Tube Atomizer Performance - ASTM Graphite Furnace Round Robin for Water (pdf, 122K)
Copper
Battery acid	Analysis of Battery Acids by Flame Microsampling (pdf, 130K)
Biological samples	Determination of Lithium, Zinc and Copper in Blood Serum by Flame Microsampling (pdf, 148K), Microanalysis of Copper and Zinc in Biopsy-sized Tissue Specimens by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy using a Stoichiometric Air-Acetylene Flame (pdf, 122K), Relationship between Viral Hepatitis and Four Trace Elements in Sera (pdf, 21K) Sequential determination of Cd, Cu, Pb, Co and Ni in marine invertebrates by Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (pdf, 231K)
Bronzes	Analyses of Bronzes (pdf, 2796K)
CaCl₂/NaCl solutions	The determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in a concentrated CaCl2/NaCl solution by AAS (pdf, 27K)
Palm oil	The Determination of Trace Metals in Palm Oil Using the GTA-96 Graphite Tube Atomizer (pdf, 171K)
Rocks and sediments	Trace Metal Analysis of Rocks and Sediments by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 179K)
Seawater	Direct Determination of As, Cu and Pb in Seawater by Zeeman Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (pdf, 41K)
Serum	Determination of Cu, Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na and K in serum by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (pdf, 16K)
Urine	Direct Determination of Copper in Urine Samples by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using a Platform and Palladium Matrix Modifier (pdf, 145K)
Water	Graphite Tube Atomizer Performance - ASTM Graphite Furnace Round Robin for Water (pdf, 122K)
Wear metal analysis	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for the Analysis of Wear Metals in Oil Samples (pdf, 185K), Determination of Trace Metals in Engine Oil using the GTA-95 Graphite Tube Atomizer (pdf, 172K)
Gallium
Sulfuric acid	The determination of Pb, Tl, Bi, Ga and Sn in high purity sulfuric acid using Zeeman graphite furnace AA (pdf, 25K)
Gold
High-purity gold	The Analysis of High Purity Gold by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (pdf, 196K)
Trace analysis (review)	Trace Analysis of Gold by Atomic Absorption (pdf, 40K)
Iron
Battery acid	Analysis of Battery Acids by Flame Microsampling (pdf, 130K)
Bronzes	Analyses of Bronzes (pdf, 2796K)
Cement	Chemical Analysis of Portland Cement by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 81K)
Interferent on gold	Trace Analysis of Gold by Atomic Absorption (pdf, 40K)
Palm oil	The Determination of Trace Metals in Palm Oil Using the GTA-96 Graphite Tube Atomizer (pdf, 171K)
Paper	The Analysis of Paper Samples for Aluminum, Iron, Zinc, and Antimony by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (pdf, 158K)
Plant material	Automated Multielement Analysis of Plant Material by Flame AA Spectroscopy (pdf, 161K)
Rocks and sediments	Major Element Analysis of Rocks and Sediments by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 72K)
Serum	Determination of Cu, Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na and K in serum by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (pdf, 16K)
Water	Graphite Tube Atomizer Performance - ASTM Graphite Furnace Round Robin for Water (pdf, 122K)
Wear metal analysis	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for the Analysis of Wear Metals in Oil Samples (pdf, 185K)
Lanthanum
Stabilizer (furnace analysis)	Direct Determination of Phosphorus in Aqueous Matrices by Atomic Absorption (pdf, 151K), Direct Determination of Phosphorus in Organic Matrices by Atomic Absorption (pdf, 103K)
Lead
Biological samples	Sequential determination of Cd, Cu, Pb, Co and Ni in marine invertebrates by Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (pdf, 231K)
Blood	The Reduction of Matrix Interferences Utilizing the Platform in graphite Furnace AAS (pdf, 253K), The Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Blood, and Manganese and Aluminium in Serum (pdf, 114K) Blood Lead Determination Using Reduced Palladium Matrix Modifier in Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 40K) Determination of lead in blood by GFAAS _ Deuterium and Zeeman Background Correction (pdf, 46K)
Bronzes	Analyses of Bronzes (pdf, 2796K)
CaCl₂/NaCl solutions	The determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in a concentrated CaCl2/NaCl solution by AAS (pdf, 27K)
Effluent	The Determination of Toxic Metals in Waters and Wastes by Furnace Atomic Absorption (pdf, 148K)
Environmental	Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K)
Food	The Measurement of Lead in Food Products by Graphite Furnace AA and SpectrAA-40 (pdf, 171K)
Forked platform	Evaluation of a new forked platform design for graphite furnace AAS (pdf, 171K)
High-purity copper	The Determination of Trace Metals in High-Purity Copper using the GTA-95 Graphite Tube Atomizer (pdf, 54K)
Nickel alloys	The Determination of As, Bi, Pb, Sb and Te in Nickel Alloys by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 175K)
Palm oil	The Determination of Trace Metals in Palm Oil Using the GTA-96 Graphite Tube Atomizer (pdf, 171K)
Rocks and sediments	Trace Metal Analysis of Rocks and Sediments by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 179K)
Seawater	Direct Determination of As, Cu and Pb in Seawater by Zeeman Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (pdf, 41K)
Sodium chloride	Pyrolytic Graphite Platforms (pdf, 84K)
Stainless steel	The determination of trace elements in stainless steel by forked platform GFAAS (pdf, 93K)
Sulfuric acid	The determination of Pb, Tl, Bi, Ga and Sn in high purity sulfuric acid using Zeeman graphite furnace AA (pdf, 25K)
Urine	Determination of lead in urine by GFAAS _ Deuterium and Zeeman Background Correction (pdf, 26K)
Vapor generation	An Automated Vapor Generation Accessory for Atomic Absorption Analysis (pdf, 121K)
Water	Determination of Chromium, Lead and Cadmium in Drinking Water by Solvent Extraction and Flame Microsampling (pdf, 93K), Graphite Tube Atomizer Performance - ASTM Graphite Furnace Round Robin for Water (pdf, 122K), The Determination of Toxic Metals in Waters and Wastes by Furnace Atomic Absorption (pdf, 148K), Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K) Use of signal graphics to investigate the effects of a modifier on the determination of lead and silver in wastewater by Zeeman efect GFAAS (pdf, 23K)
Lithium
Biological samples	Determination of Lithium, Zinc and Copper in Blood Serum by Flame Microsampling (pdf, 148K)
Fusion agent (cement)	Chemical Analysis of Portland Cement by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 81K)
Magnesium
Blood serum	Determination of Calcium and Magnesium in Blood Serum by Automated Flame Microsampling (pdf, 134K)
Cement	Chemical Analysis of Portland Cement by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 81K)
Interferent on gold	Trace Analysis of Gold by Atomic Absorption (pdf, 40K)
Plant material	Automated Multielement Analysis of Plant Material by Flame AA Spectroscopy (pdf, 161K)
Rocks and sediments	Major Element Analysis of Rocks and Sediments by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 72K)
Serum	Determination of Cu, Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na and K in serum by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (pdf, 16K)
Manganese
Battery acid	Analysis of Battery Acids by Flame Microsampling (pdf, 130K)
Biological samples	Relationship between Viral Hepatitis and Four Trace Elements in Sera (pdf, 21K)
Blood serum	The Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Blood, and Manganese and Aluminium in Serum (pdf, 114K)
Brine	Determination of magnesium, calcium and potassium in brines by flame AA using the SIPS-10 accessory for automated calibration and on-line sample dilution (pdf, 36K)
Bronzes	Analyses of Bronzes (pdf, 2796K)
Plant material	Automated Multielement Analysis of Plant Material by Flame AA Spectroscopy (pdf, 161K)
Rocks and sediments	Major Element Analysis of Rocks and Sediments by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 72K)
Water	Graphite Tube Atomizer Performance - ASTM Graphite Furnace Round Robin for Water (pdf, 122K), Direct Determination of Manganese in Sea Water by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Deuterium Background Correction using a Platform and Platinum Matrix Modifier (pdf, 107K)
Mercury
Blood	Determination of selenium in undigested whole blood samples with post spiking standard addition QC protocols by Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption (pdf, 55K)
Complex in gold analysis	Trace Analysis of Gold by Atomic Absorption (pdf, 40K)
Fish	Determination of Mercury in Fish Tissue, a Rapid Automated Technique for Routine Analysis (pdf, 56K)
Waste water	The Determination of Mercury by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption (pdf, 102K), Measuring ultra-trace levels of mercury (pdf, 37K) Evaluation of the Mercury Concentration Accessory for US EPA Methodology (pdf, 80K)
Methyl mercury	The Determination of Mercury by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption (pdf, 102K)
Rocks and sediments	Analysis of Rocks and Sediments for Mercury by Wet Digestion and Flameless Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption (pdf, 68K)
Urine	Determination of selenium in undigested whole blood samples with post spiking standard addition QC protocols by Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption (pdf, 55K)
Vapor generation	The Determination of Mercury by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption (pdf, 102K), An Automated Vapor Generation Accessory for Atomic Absorption Analysis (pdf, 121K), Automated Cold Vapor Determination of Mercury:EPA Stannous Chloride Methodology (pdf, 186K), Determination of Mercury in Fish Tissue, a Rapid Automated Technique for Routine Analysis (pdf, 56K) Analysis of Rocks and Sediments for Mercury by Wet Digestion and Flameless Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption (pdf, 68K) Measuring ultra-trace levels of mercury (pdf, 37K) Evaluation of the Mercury Concentration Accessory for US EPA Methodology (pdf, 80K)
Molybdenum
Wear metal analysis	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for the Analysis of Wear Metals in Oil Samples (pdf, 185K)
Nickel
Biological samples	Sequential determination of Cd, Cu, Pb, Co and Ni in marine invertebrates by Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (pdf, 231K)
Battery acid	Analysis of Battery Acids by Flame Microsampling (pdf, 130K)
Bronzes	Analyses of Bronzes (pdf, 2796K)
CaCl₂/NaCl solutions	The determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in a concentrated CaCl2/NaCl solution by AAS (pdf, 27K)
Palm oil	The Determination of Trace Metals in Palm Oil Using the GTA-96 Graphite Tube Atomizer (pdf, 171K)
Rocks and sediments	Trace Metal Analysis of Rocks and Sediments by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 179K)
Stabilizer (CRA analysis)	Direct Determination of Phosphorus in Aqueous Matrices by Atomic Absorption (pdf, 151K), Direct Determination of Phosphorus in Organic Matrices by Atomic Absorption (pdf, 103K)
Water	Graphite Tube Atomizer Performance - ASTM Graphite Furnace Round Robin for Water (pdf, 122K)
Wear metal analysis	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for the Analysis of Wear Metals in Oil Samples (pdf, 185K), Determination of Trace Metals in Engine Oil using the GTA-95 Graphite Tube Atomizer (pdf, 172K)
Phosphorus
Aqueous matrices	Direct determination of phosphorus by atomic absorption (pdf, 59K) , Direct Determination of Phosphorus in Aqueous Matrices by Atomic Absorption (pdf, 151K)
Bronzes	Analyses of Bronzes (pdf, 2796K)
Determination (general)	Phosphorus Determination using a New Hollow Cathode Lamp (pdf, 120K)
Organic matrices	Direct Determination of Phosphorus in Organic Matrices by Atomic Absorption (pdf, 103K)
Potassium
Brine	Determination of magnesium, calcium and potassium in brines by flame AA using the SIPS-10 accessory for automated calibration and on-line sample dilution (pdf, 36K)
Cement	Chemical Analysis of Portland Cement by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 81K)
Interferent on gold	Trace Analysis of Gold by Atomic Absorption (pdf, 40K)
Plant material	Automated Multielement Analysis of Plant Material by Flame AA Spectroscopy (pdf, 161K)
Rocks and sediments	Major Element Analysis of Rocks and Sediments by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 72K)
Serum	Determination of Cu, Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na and K in serum by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (pdf, 16K)
Selenium
Animal feedstuffs	Some Studies with a Varian VGA-76 Hydride Generator for Selenium Determination (pdf, 50K)
Biological	Determination of Selenium in Biological Material using Automated Wet Digestion and an Automated Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption System (pdf, 24K)
Blood	A Direct Determination of Selenium in Blood and Urine Samples by Platform/Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (pdf, 97K), Selenium Determination in Blood using Zeeman Background Correction and Palladium/Ascorbic Acid Chemical Modification (pdf, 148K)
Blood serum	Determination of Selenium in Human Serum by Hydride Generation (pdf, 90K) Determination of Selenium in Biological Material using Automated Wet Digestion and an Automated Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption System (pdf, 24K) Determination of normal levels of selenium in blood serum by GFAAS (pdf, 37K) Selenium in serum measured by Zeeman GFAAS (pdf, 32K)
Effluent	The Determination of Toxic Metals in Waters and Wastes by Furnace Atomic Absorption (pdf, 148K)
Environmental	Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K) Determination of As, Sb and Se in difficult environmental samples by hydride generation (pdf, 39K)
Forked platform	Evaluation of a new forked platform design for graphite furnace AAS (pdf, 171K)
High-purity copper	The Determination of Trace Metals in High-Purity Copper using the GTA-95 Graphite Tube Atomizer (pdf, 54K)
Hydride generation	Selenium Determination By Hydride Generation (pdf, 146K), An Automated Vapor Generation Accessory for Atomic Absorption Analysis (pdf, 121K), Determination of As, Sb and Se in difficult environmental samples by hydride generation (pdf, 39K)
Plant material	Analysis of Plant Materials by Vapor Generation AA (pdf, 585K)
Rocks and sediments	Analysis of Rocks and Sediments for Arsenic, Antimony and Selenium by Wet Digestion and Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption (pdf, 62K)
Urine	A Direct Determination of Selenium in Blood and Urine Samples by Platform/Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (pdf, 97K)
Water	Graphite Tube Atomizer Performance - ASTM Graphite Furnace Round Robin for Water (pdf, 122K), The Determination of Toxic Metals in Waters and Wastes by Furnace Atomic Absorption (pdf, 148K), Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K)
Silicon
Bronzes	Analyses of Bronzes (pdf, 2796K)
Cement	Chemical Analysis of Portland Cement by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 81K)
Rocks and sediments	Major Element Analysis of Rocks and Sediments by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 72K)
Water	The determination of sodium, calcium and silicon in pure water by graphite furnace AA (pdf, 27K)
Wear metal analysis	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for the Analysis of Wear Metals in Oil Samples (pdf, 185K), Measurement of Silicon, Tin and Titanium in Jet Oil (pdf, 206K)
Silver
Effluent	The Determination of Toxic Metals in Waters and Wastes by Furnace Atomic Absorption (pdf, 148K)
Environment	Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K)
Stainless steel	The determination of trace elements in stainless steel by forked platform GFAAS (pdf, 93K)
Water	The Determination of Toxic Metals in Waters and Wastes by Furnace Atomic Absorption (pdf, 148K), Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K) Use of signal graphics to investigate the effects of a modifier on the determination of lead and silver in wastewater by Zeeman efect GFAAS (pdf, 23K)
Wear metal analysis	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for the Analysis of Wear Metals in Oil Samples (pdf, 185K)
Sodium
Cement	Chemical Analysis of Portland Cement by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 81K)
Interferent on gold	Trace Analysis of Gold by Atomic Absorption (pdf, 40K)
Plant material	Automated Multielement Analysis of Plant Material by Flame AA Spectroscopy (pdf, 161K)
Rocks and sediments	Major Element Analysis of Rocks and Sediments by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (pdf, 72K)
Serum	Determination of Cu, Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na and K in serum by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (pdf, 16K)
Water	The determination of sodium, calcium and silicon in pure water by graphite furnace AA (pdf, 27K)
Wear metal analysis	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for the Analysis of Wear Metals in Oil Samples (pdf, 185K)
Tellurium
High-purity copper	The Determination of Trace Metals in High-Purity Copper using the GTA-95 Graphite Tube Atomizer (pdf, 54K)
Vapor generation	An Automated Vapor Generation Accessory for Atomic Absorption Analysis (pdf, 121K)
Thallium
Environment	Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K)
Sulfuric acid	The determination of Pb, Tl, Bi, Ga and Sn in high purity sulfuric acid using Zeeman graphite furnace AA (pdf, 25K)
Water	Varian SpectrAA Zeeman graphite furnace methods for environmental analysis (pdf, 31K)
Tin
Bronzes	Analyses of Bronzes (pdf, 2796K)
Forked platform	Evaluation of a new forked platform design for graphite furnace AAS (pdf, 171K)
High-purity copper	The Determination of Trace Metals in High-Purity Copper using the GTA-95 Graphite Tube Atomizer (pdf, 54K) The Reduction of Matrix Interferences Utilizing the Platform in graphite Furnace AAS (pdf, 253K)
Hydride generation	Evaluation of the Mercury Concentration Accessory for US EPA Methodology (pdf, 80K)
Sulfuric acid	The determination of Pb, Tl, Bi, Ga and Sn in high purity sulfuric acid using Zeeman graphite furnace AA (pdf, 25K)
Vapor generation	An Automated Vapor Generation Accessory for Atomic Absorption Analysis (pdf, 121K)
Water	Evaluation of the Mercury Concentration Accessory for US EPA Methodology (pdf, 80K)
Wear metal analysis	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for the Analysis of Wear Metals in Oil Samples (pdf, 185K), Measurement of Silicon, Tin and Titanium in Jet Oil (pdf, 206K)
Titanium
Wear metal analysis	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry for the Analysis of Wear Metals in Oil Samples (pdf, 185K), Measurement of Silicon, Tin and Titanium in Jet Oil (pdf, 206K)
Vanadium
Oil	The Determination of Vanadium in Heavy Industrial Fuel Oils using the GTA-95 (pdf, 134K)
Water	Graphite Tube Atomizer Performance - ASTM Graphite Furnace Round Robin for Water (pdf, 122K)
Wear metal analysis	Determination of Trace Metals in Engine Oil using the GTA-95 Graphite Tube Atomizer (pdf, 172K)
Zinc
Biological samples	Determination of Lithium, Zinc and Copper in Blood Serum by Flame Microsampling (pdf, 148K), Microanalysis of Copper and Zinc in Biopsy-sized Tissue Specimens by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy using a Stoichiometric Air-Acetylene Flame (pdf, 122K), Relationship between Viral Hepatitis and Four Trace Elements in Sera (pdf, 21K)

AA Application Note Index